Dysmorphophobia Is the Fear of Deformity

Dysmorphophobia Is the Fear of Deformity Phobias Types Print The Fear of Deformity Dysmorphophobia is a Term That Encompasses Multiple Fears By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 10, 2018 Carla G / Moment / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Dysmorphophobia (fear of deformity) is a broad term that encompasses multiple specific fears. Some people are afraid of becoming deformed or disfigured, while others fear those who have a disfiguring condition. Some expectant parents worry that their child will be born with a deformity. Dysmorphophobia may also be behind some cases of body dysmorphic disorder, a somatoform disorder in which sufferers imagine bodily imperfections.? Fear of Becoming Deformed or Disfigured In todays media-driven culture, it seems there is a cure for virtually anything. Dont like your nose? See a plastic surgeon. Dont like your hair? Buy this dye or that shampoo or have a makeover by a celebrity stylist. Worried about the signs of aging? Creams, specialty soaps, and facelifts are at your beck and call. While its perfectly natural to want to look and feel your best, the constant media hype is focused on a virtually unattainable ideal of youth and beauty. Against this backdrop, it is easy for even normal, healthy physical characteristics to be seen as something to get rid of rather than to celebrate. Of course, most people are able to maintain a healthy perspective. For some, however, a natural concern for health and vigor can develop into an unhealthy obsession. In addition, throughout much of history, those with deformities or disfigurements were discriminated against, locked up or even accused of witchcraft. Public shaming, display in human zoos or freak shows and crude medical treatments were frighteningly common. In extreme cases, children and adults with deformities were sometimes put to death. Although modern societies have largely moved beyond these measures, people with disfiguring conditions may have trouble obtaining employment, gaining respect or finding a mate, even today. Children and adults may be shunned, finding it difficult to make friends or become community leaders. Fear of Others With a Deformity or Disfigurement This form of dysmorphophobia may be rooted in a myriad of other fears. Xenophobia (fear of strangers) may be partly to blame. Humans have a strong tendency to self-select into groups based on commonalities. Families, tribes, communities, religious groups, and nations have long served the critical functions of providing safety and security, promoting the groups interests and working together to achieve common goals. Those who are isolated or cut off from these units often face increased danger and limited opportunities. One of the easiest ways to form group loyalty is to cast those who do not fit in as the other. This strengthens group unity and encourages bonding. But when taken too far, it can have damaging and wide-reaching effects, leading to hate, shunning and even violence. More often, though, this tendency to reject the unfamiliar leads to mistrust, discomfort, and exclusion. As deformities and disfigurements are relatively rare, xenophobia towards people with these conditions may simply be due to a lack of familiarity or exposure. For many people, an initially uncomfortable reaction is easily changed simply by getting to know someone with a deformity on a personal level. In some cases, the fear of deformity in others is based on medical fears. Those suffering from germ phobia, hypochondria or nosophobia may be at particular risk for this type of fear, but it can occur in anyone. Some disfigurements are caused by communicable diseases such as leprosy. Although these diseases are now readily treatable, they have been stigmatized for centuries. A lack of understanding may increase the fear of other peoples deformities or disfigurements. Fear of Bearing a Deformed Child Throughout history, particular significance has been placed on deformed infants. At various times and in various cultures, these children have been seen as curses or signs of evil. Sometimes they were viewed as a sign that the mother was a witch. Sometimes they were seen as harbingers of an upcoming fire, flood or other natural disaster. In some cases, the child itself was seen as a demonic creature. Although most modern societies no longer believe in ancient superstitions, great pressure remains on parents to deliver a healthy, perfect baby. Many expectant parents worry that a child who is not physically perfect will be shunned or scorned. In addition, some conditions that cause infant or childhood deformity are painful, require extensive corrective surgery or may even lead to a shortened lifespan. Its easy to see how a normal and healthy concern for an unborn childs well-being could develop into an unhealthy phobia of something going wrong. Coping With the Fear of Deformity For many people, the fear of deformity is relatively mild and easy to control. Minor discomfort is often relieved by exposure. Knowing someone with a deformity or disfigurement can help dispel fears based on a lack of understanding. Learning about disfiguring conditions can help curb medically-based fears. If you are an expectant parent concerned about your unborn child, speak with your doctor. Modern medical testing can identify many potentially disfiguring conditions, and advanced technology can correct the vast majority of infant deformities. If your fear is more severe, simple exposure and information-gathering may not be enough. If you find yourself going out of your way to avoid situations that may bring you in contact with a disfigured person, or if you develop an unhealthy obsession with your own appearance or that of a loved one, seek professional assistance. Like most phobias, dysmorphophobia responds well to a variety of common mental-health treatments. Left untreated, the phobia could worsen, gradually limiting your daily life and preventing you from connecting with others.

Essay on Famous Baseball Players Alex Rodriguez - 1022 Words

Credibility is something that takes a lot of time to gain, but can be lost in an instance. When someone or something is credible that means they are easily trusted or believed in because of what they have done in the past. For example Nike lost some credibility when new came out they were producing their products in sweatshops across the world. However since that they have worked on that problem and gained back their credibility, but it took some time. Credibility is a great quality to have, it means you are trustworthy and people respect you. Furthermore Alex Rodriguez is another example that shows why credibility is an important quality and how cheating affects it. Alex Rodriguez was born on July 27, 1975 in New York City. From the time†¦show more content†¦That was the year he became a superstar, he batted .358, hit 36 home runs, and had 123 RBI’s (Runs Batted In). His stats for that season were good enough for him to finish second in the MVP race (Alex Rodriguez B iography). Furthermore Rodriguez proved himself to be the best all-around player over roughly the next decade (Alex Rodriguez Biography). He gained many fans over these years, however they didn’t know what was going on behind the locker room doors. Alex won his third AL (American League) home run title in a row and won his first AL MVP award in 2003. However what people didn’t know is that A-Rod tested positive for two anabolic steroids. Rodriguez showed up on a list with another 104 players in the MLB (Epstein and Roberts). If you ask me I think that all of the players on that list should’ve got suspended including Alex because 2003 ended up being one of his best years as a pro. Without those anabolic steroids I don’t think that he would’ve produced like he did. However according to Epstein and Roberts â€Å"Though MLBs drug policy has expressly prohibited the use of steroids without a valid prescription since 1991, there were no penalties for a positive test in 2003.† Even after this news comes out the New York Yankees trade for Alex send Alfonso Soriano to the Rangers in one of the biggest blockbusterShow MoreRelatedThe Baseball Player Alex Rodriguez903 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2014 the famous baseball player Alex Rodriguez was suspended for the season due to testing positive for using performance-enhancing drugs. The Yankees star continuously denied any allegations connecting him with the steroids but eventually claimed to be using products from a bio anti aging clinic in order to treat an injury. According to an article written by Allen St. John, â€Å"he has tested positive for both Primobolan and excess testosterone† (St. John, 2009). Eventually, Alex confessed to usingRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Sports Today1476 Words   |  6 PagesMax Holt Mrs. Louis Research, period 3 December 15, 2013 Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports Today Performance enhancing drugs, or steroids, have long been in the lifestyle of athletes. Many famous athletes like Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, Marion Jones and Lance Armstrong have all confessed to the use of steroids. Celebrities like actor Charlie Sheen and ex Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, have also admitted to using steroids in the past. Performance enhancing drugs are aRead MoreThe Economics of Baseball Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesThe Economics of Baseball The economics of baseball has grown since the beginning and has become more complicated every year. Baseball players are now making millions of dollars to do something that they love and enjoy. Its not their fault the money they can receive has reached the million mark, even for some of the less talent of ball players. This has happened to all sports, but especially to the American pastime. Baseball is more of a business than just a game and many things have madeRead MoreEssay on A Proposal for Major League Baseball1022 Words   |  5 PagesSteroids Solution in Sports Many famous individuals in sports have tried to cheat their way out huge contracts with the help of substances that enhance their abilities. When fans’ trust is being played because of this act of insult to the culture of sports, it should bring shame to the individuals who took part in the accident. Many athletes have been caught and have received punishment, minor punishments, but there shall be more that are willing to try to take the risk. A solution toRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagessports world. The few people who want performance-enhancing drugs in sports don’t worry about the damage they do to athletes’ bodies, but want more excitement in that certain sport. Even though steroid use can drastically enhance the abilities of players and make the sport more fun to watch, it shouldn t be allowed in any professional sports. They can harm the athlete using them as well as make that specific athlete loo k like a bad role model and also will create an unfair advantage in the sportRead MoreThe Effects Of Steroids On The Human Body, Steroids Sports, And Reasons Why People Use Steroids1251 Words   |  6 Pagestime now I am going to further my knowledge on this topic. Introduction About A. Types 1. Anabolic 2. Corticosteroids III. History A. 1954 1. Weight lifting 2. Olympics B. Ancient Athletes IV. Sports A. Athletes 1. Alex Rodriguez 2. Lance Armstrong B. Regulations V. Effects A. Side effects 1. Aggravation 2. Acne 3. Liver failure B. Addictions VI. Reasons A. Gains B. Self glorification VII. Conclusion Steroids Read MoreSteroid Use Of Sports On Sports1237 Words   |  5 Pagesown opinion on it. They either enjoy watching athletes be ridiculously good at their sport, and they find it entertaining, or they like to see athletes play by the rules. Steroid use is a big part of most sports, mostly baseball. Most records held by the greatest of baseball players used steroids. Steroid usage has many negative effects. Even a few that can be life threatening. Some people think that making it legal in sports will make more people want to watch and more money will come to the sportRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs791 Words   |  3 Pagescheating. World famous baseball player â€Å"Alex Rodriguez† was using PED. â€Å"PED are not natural,† â€Å"It’s cheating†.† It represents an unfair advantage to the other athletes. PED is cheating because it violates constitutive rules of the activity. If people uses them and we seem them we should expect them to disqualified. Athletes shouldn’t use drugs because fans can tell that their favorite Idol has been improved by a lot. We hear all these facts from a man named Mr. Costas and any other baseball purists thatRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Why Major League Baseball players would use steroids is the biggest question that every person in the world wants to know. I think MLB players use steroids so they can bulk up and get stronger, which will allow them to last through the long, seven-month season. I think that because they play 162 games a year during these seven months that this causes a great deal of wear and tear on their bodies. Especially if a player gets hurt, they might try to takeRead MoreThe Impact of Steroid Allegations on Sports Heroes and Their Fans1037 Words   |  4 Pagesworlds most popular athletes. Whereas once the uncovering of an athletes illicit use of such substances was shocking and anomalous, contemporary stories of steroid use are fairly routine and even commonplace in certain sports, such as Major League Baseball. Allegations levied against athletes like Mark McGuire and Sammy Sosa (who waged an epic battle for the single season record of number of home runs hit in 1998) would appear to h ave a significant impact on the many sports fans who regard these athletes

Effects Of Globalization On The Business - 920 Words

Effects of globalization on the Business Does globalization only have adverse effects on large corporations? In theory this reading should provide the reader with the information that Globalization is not just a concept that effects large corporations, but also small businesses along with their employees. Through the following, effects such as, outsourcing, telecommunications, and developments in new technologies. The first adverse effect is outsourcing, this business strategy has its advantages and disadvantages, one is that it can help a business keep its competitive advantage through shipping jobs overseas to other countries this in turn can reduce labor cost significantly (pros cons of outsourcing) making it possible to seal at lower prices than their competitors. A competitive advantage brought on as a repercussion of outscoring can cause a smaller business to close. The opponent may not be able to keep up with the larger competitor’s low prices. For example, imagin a small business with a well-based clientel, with a community, but over time a wal-mart moves in and the small local business cannot keep up with the low prices of the wal-mart competitor. This will force them to go bankruped and close their doors. An article titled of course Wal-Mart destroys retail jobs, goes on to elaborate on how Wal-Mart forces small retell stores to close their doors. A study published in 2008 in the journal of urban economies examined about 3,000 Wal-Mart store openingsShow MoreRelatedThe Crisis And Its Effects On The International Business And Globalization Process1003 Words   |  5 Pagesthat many of them are struggling to reach the European borders. The reason is because transportations are limited, and it is hard to attain. The Europe, migrant crisis has been occurring for a while, as it has an impact on the international business and globalization process; however, the Europeans can overcome this situation. Before discussing any further about the crisis, we must understand the background history. First off, this crisis deals with refugees from different nations of the Eastern HemisphereRead MoreInternational Hrm, Globalization Effects and National Business Systems3077 Words   |  13 PagesQuestion Identify and analyse the relationship (in the context of HRM issues) between ‘Globalisation Effects’ and ‘National Business Systems’ – do you think national patterns are likely to survive during the first half of the twenty first century? Globalisation is a term much talked about in the media, most often by economists. It is having an increasing effect on national business as companies find themselves adapting to increasing homogenisation across the globe. This comes about as aRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Developing Countries?1504 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization Affects Developed Countries The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into different areas of the world; however, it has shown a rather steady and rapid progress in the recent times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and engaged. What Is Globalization? Globalization is defined as a process which, basedRead MoreDoes Globlization More Harm Than Good?1117 Words   |  5 PagesWith the conception of globalization which is just appear and far-reaching all over the world like that, there has not even been the time to think over on the matter; is globalization good or bad for the world? It has been operating more on the terms of – it approach, and it dominated. To understand a concept such as that, the explanation of globalization is essential. Thus, the definition is in order. Globalization is the name for the process of expanding the connectivity and interdependence ofRead MoreGlobalization Has A Long History1578 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Globalization has a long history. According to National Geographic Society (2015), globalization grew when the Europeans began establishing colonies overseas. Many of the early European explorers were eager to spread the Christian religion to the regions they visited. â€Å"The globalization of Christianity spread from Europe to Latin America through Christian missionaries working with the local populations† (â€Å"Globalization,† 2015). Globalization was accelerated in the 19th century with theRead MoreEthical Leadership in 21st Century Global Organizations1711 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Leadership in 21st Century Global Organisations Introduction: Business leadership is inherently challenging, calling for an individual or collective of leaders with a strong sense of organization, a critical understanding of the internal peculiarities of a given operation and a firm recognition of the ever-shifting external conditions contextualizing the business. The demands incumbent upon organizational leadership require an integration of vision, pragmatism, strategic orientation andRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through c ommunication, transportationRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Globalization900 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization can be defined as the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. It also refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world (http://hotbabefatchicks.hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization). Globalization can be both advantageous and detrimental to developing countries. Some of its advantages are increased external finance, improved technology and political conformism. Disadvantages of globalization includeRead MoreEffects of Globalization: Globalization and the Effects on the United States Economy1713 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization has affected every aspect of the business community in one way or another. Globalization in a simple sense is a business’s movement from one country to another. This is done for a number of reasons; amount of readily available resources, labor market, increased number of customers, and to ultimately become more profitable. There is a decisive advantage for a business to move overseas, but there are a number of drawbacks globalization creates on the local economy. When businessesRead MoreHow Does Globalization Affect Cultural Traditions in the Arabic Communities?923 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern phenomena of globalization is having effects on Arab cultural traditions in Arab communities in many ways, like in language, education, media and customs. Globalization is making the world becoming a global village and the result is Arab communities cultural traditions are changing and are threaten to be lost . Globalization is not easy to define, but we can say it is process of integrating the worlds economies, trade, business and communications together. The problem is the culture

French Rev Free Essays

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION PAST YEAR ESSAY QUESTIONS No. | PAPER| ESSAY QUESTION| 1| O/N 2001| Why did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the revolutionaries in France during the period 1789-1793? | 2| M/J 2002| Why did the French revolution become increasingly radical during the years 1789-94? | 3| O/N 2003| Which of the grievances of the Third Estate in France in 1789 were the most important? Explain your answer. | 4| O/N 2004| How far and why did the aims of revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to 1793? 5| O/N 2005| Why during the period 1789 to 1793 did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the French revolutionaries? | 6| M/J 2006| From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution: its internal or its external enemies? | 7| M/J 2007| Why did Louis XVI’s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? | 8| O/N 2008| Why did the French ancien regime collapse in 1789? | 9| 0/N 2009/(11)| ‘The economic difficulties of France in 1789 were more serious than the political problems. We will write a custom essay sample on French Rev or any similar topic only for you Order Now How far do you agree with this judgement? | 10| O/N 2009/(12)| How far, and why, did the aims of the revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? | 11| M/J 2010/ (13)| ‘The most important problem of the French ancient regime was poor quality leadership. ’ How far do you agree with this judgement? | 12| O/N 2010/ (11)| Why did the rulers of France from 1789 to 1799 fail to hold on power? 13| O/N 2010/ (13)| Why did the summoning of the Estate-General in 1789 not solve the problems of the ancient regime? | 14| M/J 2011/(11)| Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? | 15| M/J 2011/ (13)| Did Robespierre and the Jacobins do more to save or to endanger the French Revolution? | 16| O/N 2011/ (12)| Explain the rise and fall of the Jacobins in France during the period from 1789 to 1794. | 17| O/N 2011/ (13)| Why were the attempts to reform the ancient regime in France up to 1789 unsuccessful? | How to cite French Rev, Essay examples

Web Communication and Advertising

The development of online technologies has transformed marketing strategies of many companies; in fact, nowadays it is difficult to find a product that is not advertised via Internet. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Communication and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, many organizations still underestimate the benefits offered by the World Wide Web. This paper aims to develop an Internet marketing strategy for such a product as mineral water. It is normally advertised through television, radio, and billboards but online channels are seldom used. There are several objectives which have to be attained: 1) to raise the customers’ awareness about the product; 2) to allow the customers make online purchase; 3) to increase the customer base of the company. This internet advertisement will target two types of clients: Individual customers who may be willing to learn more about different c ompanies selling mineral water. Private companies: restaurants, hotels, snack bars, fast food chains that will make wholesale purchase. At this point we can discuss several aspects of online advertising and their importance. One of them is direct e-mail. We are going to use in order to inform our returned customers, most likely, they will be wholesalers, restaurants, hotels about new products, benefits and discounts. It is also necessary to compile a list of prospective companies that may require this kind of product and send them newsletters. One should note that customers should be contacted via e-mail no more than two times per month; otherwise these mails can be regarded as spam. The major benefit of this approach is that it enables the company to raise awareness about the products and about other offerings. Additionally, direct e-mail enables companies to maintain long-term relations with returned customers. Cross-media advertising is another aspect of Internet advertisement t hat one should utilize. Overall, this approach can be regarded as combined use of television, radio, print and video (Chaffey et al, 2009). The distributers of mineral water can successfully adopt this strategy with the help of Internet since nowadays there are many online radio stations or online newspapers; furthermore, one should not forget about online television. Additionally, there are also many video-sharing websites where companies can post their commercials. The producers of mineral water can promote their products through each of these media. Cross-media advertisement is important for the attraction of new customers. By adopting this approach, the companies can reach a wide target audience (Chaffey et al, 2009, p 180).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies, which produce and sell mineral water, can also rely on banner advertising. These banners should be p laced at the websites of online newspapers and Internet forums. The banners should emphasize some distinguishing properties of the product such as the benefits for health of the consumers, its taste and certainly the price. In this case, the main objective of this strategy is to attract the customer’s attention to the product (Belch Belch, 2009). Furthermore, the banners must provide links to the website of the company. It will be particularly relevant for private companies that may be searching for the information about different producers of mineral water. In this way, they will be able to make online wholesale purchases. Banner advertising is important to that extent that it serves different purposes at a time: first, it enables the company to increase people awareness about the company and most importantly form the customers’ initial perception of the product. Prior to launching an Internet marketing campaign, the company should accurately determine the target m arket. As it has been mentioned before, the producers of mineral water should address the needs of individual clients and profit organizations like restaurants, hotels. The potential consumers of this product can be of different age, sex, income level, values or occupation. Therefore, one should not give preference to only one type of websites. Thus, the advertisements should be placed at forums, social networks, web directories, website of different newspapers, etc. The identification of target market is crucial for a company because one has to understand the purchasing habits of the customers. The key advantage of Internet marketing is that it can allow us to target different groups of customers, depending on their age or occupation. We need to mention some other elements of an Internet marketing strategy; they are public relations (PR) and promotions. The manufacturers of mineral water should maintain their public image by providing information about themselves at their website s. They need to focus on such issues the technology that they use, the quality standards, health benefits that they offer to the customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Communication and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the age corporate social responsibility PR management can play the most crucial role. Its purpose is to ensure that customers take positive attitude to the firm. PR campaign has to convince them that the company cares not only about profit-making but also about the community. At the beginners companies producing mineral water should choose above the line promotion which means that they need to pay a specific agency (online newspaper, forum, social network, video-sharing website) for the placement of the commercial (Jones, 2007). At this particular stage, they need to attract the customers’ attention to the brand. The selection of promotion strategy is crucial for the formation of brand identity; in other words, they aim to make the name of the company as well as its products recognizable. The enterprises which intend to sell mineral water have to conduct Internet marketing research. In particular it is necessary to conduct survey among the customers and ask them about those qualities which they value most in this type of product or why they select a specific product among many others. Secondly, it is vital to learn what kind of websites they regularly visit. Internet marketing research can shape the outcome of a marketing campaign because it will give the company insights into the values and habits of customers. Finally, one has to speak about the search engine registration. The producers of mineral waters create official websites that would be accessible through different search engines like Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, MSN etc. Search engine can improve the visibility of the company and its products. This is why one should not disregard them. T herefore, in this paper we have demonstrate how producers of mineral water can benefit from Internet marketing and its various aspects. The key advantage of this approach is that it allows to target a wide audience. Moreover, it is less expensive than traditional marketing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Belch, G. and Belch, M. (2009). Advertising and Promotion. (8th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Chaffey D. Chadwick F. Mayer R. Johnston. K. (2009). Internet marketing: strategy, implementation and practice. NY: Pearson Education. Jones M. (2007). Customer Communications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. This essay on Web Communication and Advertising was written and submitted by user Maliyah Weeks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Thinking Scenario Essays - Organ Trade, Medical Ethics

Critical Thinking Scenario Essays - Organ Trade, Medical Ethics Critical Thinking Scenario Ethics and Social Responsibility/ETH316 After reading the transcript from ABC News regarding the story Blood Money I realized that some people will see the story differently, some might find it offensive while others might not find it offensive. The ethical issue concerning this article is the illegal kidneys and other organ sales that are going on in China and the USA. These kidneys and other organs are coming from incarcerated men and women who have been found guilty of some sort of crime and are being executed and their organs are being removed and sold on the black market. Morally everyone is different and the persons involved in this article have no morals. The persons selling the organs might see it as that the prisoners are being put to death anyway so they might as well help someone out that needs the organ. They should have given the prisoner the opportunity to make their own decision as to whether or not they wanted their kidneys or organs removed and not just taken them because of the money they received. These people with direct interest in this illegal market have a lot of moral failings; the fact that you are doing this to make a profit and you see no wrong in what you are doing is failing. How many of these prisoners were put to death for minor crimes just to sell their body parts to the highest bidder. There is no respect for the lives of these prisoners. The ideal in this black market is to make money and not letting it be known what is really going on in China or the USA. Their obligations are to continue to convict and execute these people so that they never run out of body parts to sell. They are screening these prisoners to make sure they are healthy enough to sell their parts to the persons that need them. This whole operation was welled planned. The sellers are looking at as though they are saving someone else life. The best outcome in this given circumstances is that this black market selling is now know to all to view and make ethical judgments. This will make the ones think about what they will do when it comes time for making moral decision and well as the doctors and Chinese military who are involved. In conclusion, after seeing China being exposed to other countries with this black market selling of body parts maybe this will get China to be more moral when it comes to making decision about executing these prisoners for their organs for money. The selling of organs will never go away as long as people are willing to pay for them and only care about their selves. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic ethics: Basic ethics in action (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ABC Video on Demand University of Phoenix. (2006). Blood Money. Retrieved from ABC Video on Demand University of Phoenix, ETH/316 website. Critical Thinking Scenario PAGE 2 Running head: Critical Thinking Scenario PAGE 1

Rousseaus Thoughts on Women and Education

Rousseau's Thoughts on Women and Education Jean-Jacques Rousseau is considered one of the key Enlightenment philosophers, and his writings reveal that he was concerned with â€Å"equality among men,† but he certainly did not make womens equality his focus. Having lived from 1712 to 1778, Rousseau was a major influence on the intellectual thinking of the 18th century. He inspired the political activism that led to the French Revolution and influenced Kant’s view of ethics, rooting them in human nature. His 1762 treatise Emile, or on Education and his book The Social Contract influenced philosophies about education and politics, respectively. Rousseaus main argument has been summarized as â€Å"man is good but has been corrupted by social institutions.† He also wrote that â€Å"nature has created man happy and good, but society depraves him and makes him miserable. The experiences of women, however, did not inspire this degree of contemplation from Rousseau, who essentially deemed them the weaker sex, content to be dependent upon men. Rousseaus Contradictory Views on Women While Rousseau is often praised for his views on human equality, the reality is that he did not believe women deserved equality. According to Rousseau, women needed to rely on men for their wellbeing because they were less rational than men. He argued that men might have desired women but did not need them to survive, while women both desired men and needed them. In Emile, he writes about the difference between what he believes women and men need in education. Since the main purpose in life, to Rousseau, is for a woman to be a wife and mother, she doesnt need to be educated to the extent that men traditionally have. He argues: â€Å"Once it is demonstrated that man and woman are not, and should not be constituted the same, either in character or in temperament, it follows that they should not have the same education. In following the directions of nature they must act together but they should not do the same things; their duties have a common end, but the duties themselves are different and consequently also the tastes that direct them. After having tried to form the natural man, let us also see, in order not to leave our work incomplete, how the woman is to be formed who suits this man.† Some critics view Emile as evidence that Rousseau thought woman should be subservient to man, while others contended that he was writing ironically. Some have also pointed out the fundamental contradiction in Emile about women and education. In this work, Rousseau suggests that women are responsible for educating the young while arguing that they are incapable of reason. â€Å"The whole education of women ought to be relative to men. To please them, to be useful to them, to make themselves loved and honored by them, to educate them when young... How can women educate anyone, even young children, if they themselves lack reasoning skills? Rousseaus views about women arguably grew more complex with age. In Confessions, which he wrote later in life, he credits several women with helping him gain entrance into the intellectual circles of society. Clearly, smart women had played a role in his own development as a scholar. Mary Wollstonecrafts Case Against Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft addresses some of the points Rousseau made about women in Vindication of the Rights of Woman and other writings in which she asserts that women are logical and can benefit from education. She questions whether a woman’s purpose is only the pleasure of men. She also directly addresses Rousseau when she writes with great irony of his affection for an uneducated and ignorant servant girl. â€Å"Who ever drew a more exalted female character than Rousseau? Though in the lump he constantly endeavoured to degrade the sex. And why was he thus anxious? Truly to justify to himself the affection which weakness and virtue had made him cherish for that fool Theresa. He could not raise her to the common level of her sex; and therefore he labored to bring woman down to hers. He found her a convenient humble companion, and pride made him determine to find some superiour virtues in the being whom he chose to live with; but did not her conduct during his life, and after his death, clearly show how grossly he was mistaken who called her a celestial innocent.† The Difference Between Men and Women Rousseaus views on women invited criticism, but the scholar himself acknowledged that he had no solid foundation for his arguments about the differences between the sexes. He wasnt sure what biological differences made women and men distinct, calling them one of degree. But these differences, he believed, were enough to suggest that men should be strong and active, and women should be weak and passive. He wrote: If woman is made to please and to be subjugated to man, she ought to make herself pleasing to him rather than to provoke him; her particular strength lies in her charms; by their means she should compel him to discover his own strength and put it to use. The surest art of arousing this strength is to render it necessary by resistance. Thus pride reinforces desire and each triumphs in the others victory. From this originates attack and defense, the boldness of one sex and the timidity of the other and finally the modesty and shame with which nature has armed the weak for the conquest of the strong. The Link Between Opportunity and Female Heroism Before Emile, Rousseau listed the numerous woman heroes whod impacted society. He discusses Zenobia, Dido, Lucretia, Joan of Arc, Cornelia, Arria, Artemisia, Fulvia, Elisabeth, and the Countess of Thà ¶kà ¶ly. The contributions of heroines should not be overlooked. If women had had as great a share as we do in the handling of business, and in the governments of Empires, perhaps they would have pushed Heroism and greatness of courage farther and would have distinguished themselves in greater number. Few of those who have had the good fortune to rule states and command armies have remained in mediocrity; they have almost all distinguished themselves by some brilliant point by which they have deserved our admiration for them†¦. I repeat it, all proportions maintained, women would have been able to give greater examples of greatness of soul and love of virtue and in greater number than men have ever done if our injustice had not despoiled, along with their freedom, all the occasions manifest them to the eyes of the world. Here, Rousseau makes it plain that if given the opportunity to shape society as men had, women could very well change the world. Whatever biological differences between men and women existed, the so-called weaker sex had shown repeatedly that they were capable of greatness.